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<li><a href=#定义数据库连接>定义数据库连接</a></li>
<li><a href=#定义数据库别名>定义数据库别名</a></li>
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<h1>安装与配置</h1>
<div class=article-style>
<p><code>spiral/database</code> 组件默认包含在 Web 和 GRPC 应用模板中。DBAL 主要侧重于统一的数据库访问，而不是试图百分之百地实现特定类型的 DBMS 完整功能。</p>
<p>当然，实际使用中你可以通过直接查询来绕过 Spiral 的抽象层。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Spiral DBAL 支持 MySQL、MariaDB、SQLite、PostgresSQL 和 SQLServer(Windows) 数据库。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id=安装>安装</h2>
<p>如果需要在自己构建的项目中独立安装数据库组件，可以执行：</p>
<pre><code class=language-bash>$ composer require spiral/database
</code></pre>
<p>然后在应用中激活 <code>Spiral\Bootloader\Database\DatabaseBootloader</code> 引导程序：</p>
<pre><code class=language-php>protected const LOAD = [
    // ...
    Spiral\Bootloader\Database\DatabaseBootloader::class,
    // ...
];
</code></pre>
<p>如果需要使用数据库迁移（migration）组件的话，可以安装：</p>
<pre><code class=language-bash>$ composer require spiral/migrations
</code></pre>
<p>激活对应的引导程序：</p>
<pre><code class=language-php>protected const LOAD = [
    // ...
    Spiral\Bootloader\Database\MigrationsBootloader::class,
    // ...
];
</code></pre>
<h2 id=配置>配置</h2>
<p>默认情况下，数据库配置存放在 <code>app/config/database.php</code> 文件中。数据库相关的配置包含了每个数据库驱动、数据库连接和数据库别名的一系列选项。</p>
<pre><code class=language-php>&lt;?php

declare(strict_types=1);

use Spiral\Database\Driver;

return [
    'default'   =&gt; 'default',
    'databases' =&gt; [
        'default' =&gt; ['driver' =&gt; 'runtime'],
    ],
    'drivers'   =&gt; [
        'runtime' =&gt; [
            'driver'     =&gt; Driver\SQLite\SQLiteDriver::class,
            'options'    =&gt; [
                'connection' =&gt; 'sqlite:' . directory('runtime') . 'runtime.db',
            ]
        ],
    ]
];
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>上面的 <code>default</code> 指默认要使用的连接（database），而 <code>databases</code> 指启用的数据库连接，每个连接可以关联到下面定义的一种数据库驱动（drivers）。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id=定义数据库驱动>定义数据库驱动</h3>
<p>To create new database connection add a new section or alter existed options of <code>drivers</code> section of your configuration,
you can use <code>env</code> function to keep your passwords and usernames separately.</p>
<p>要创建新的数据库连接，请先在配置中的 <code>drivers</code> 部分中新增或者修改一个现有的驱动选项，可以使用 <code>env</code> 从环境变量中读取用户名和密码以避免敏感信息泄露。</p>
<pre><code class=language-php>&lt;?php

declare(strict_types=1);

use Spiral\Database\Driver;

return [
    'default'   =&gt; 'default',
    'databases' =&gt; [
        'default' =&gt; ['driver' =&gt; 'mysql'],
    ],
    'drivers'   =&gt; [
        'mysql'     =&gt; [
            'driver'     =&gt; Driver\MySQL\MySQLDriver::class,
            'options'    =&gt; [
                'connection' =&gt; 'mysql:host=127.0.0.1;dbname=' . env('DB_NAME'),
                'username'   =&gt; env('DB_USERNAME'),
                'password'   =&gt; env('DB_PASSWORD'),
            ]
        ],
        'postgres'  =&gt; [
            'driver'     =&gt; Driver\Postgres\PostgresDriver::class,
            'options'    =&gt; [
                'connection' =&gt; 'pgsql:host=127.0.0.1;dbname=' . env('DB_NAME'),
                'username'   =&gt; env('DB_USERNAME'),
                'password'   =&gt; env('DB_PASSWORD'),
            ]
        ],
        'runtime'   =&gt; [
            'driver'     =&gt; Driver\SQLite\SQLiteDriver::class,
            'options'    =&gt; [
                'connection' =&gt; 'sqlite:' . directory('runtime') . 'runtime.db',
                'username'   =&gt; 'sqlite',
                'password'   =&gt; '',
            ]
        ],
        'sqlServer' =&gt; [
            'driver'     =&gt; Driver\SQLServer\SQLServerDriver::class,
            'options'    =&gt; [
                'connection' =&gt; 'sqlsrv:Server=MY-PC;Database=' . env('DB_NAME'),
                'username'   =&gt; env('DB_USERNAME'),
                'password'   =&gt; env('DB_PASSWORD'),
            ]
        ]
    ]
];
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>可以使用连接的 <code>options</code> 选项来设置 PDO 特定属性。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id=定义数据库连接>定义数据库连接</h3>
<p>要在代码中访问到某个数据库连接，需要首先在 <code>databases</code> 节中添加对应的连接：</p>
<pre><code class=language-php>&lt;?php

declare(strict_types=1);

use Spiral\Database\Driver;

return [
    'default'   =&gt; 'primary',
    'databases' =&gt; [
        'primary' =&gt; [
           'driver'  =&gt; 'mysql',
           'prefix'  =&gt; 'primary_'
        ],
        'secondary'=&gt; [
            'driver'  =&gt; 'mysql',
            'prefix'  =&gt; 'secondary_'
        ]       
    ],
    'drivers'   =&gt; [
        // ...
    ]
];
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>定义连接时，支持多个连接指向同一个数据库驱动。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id=定义数据库别名>定义数据库别名</h3>
<p>应用程序和模块可以以多种不同的方式访问数据库。数据库别名允许你使用不同的数据库连接来关联同一个物理数据库。</p>
<p>例如使用别名来配置 IoC 的自动匹配。</p>
<p>比如有一个控制器的构造函数是这样的：</p>
<pre><code class=language-php>public function __construct(Database $db, Database $other)
{
}
</code></pre>
<p>为了把 <code>db</code> 和 <code>other</code> 指向具体的数据库实例，但是两个连接使用不同的表前缀：</p>
<pre><code class=language-php>&lt;?php

declare(strict_types=1);

use Spiral\Database\Driver;

return [
    'default'   =&gt; 'primary',
    'aliases'   =&gt; [
        'db'    =&gt; 'primary',
        'other' =&gt; 'secondary'
    ],
    'databases' =&gt; [
        'primary' =&gt; [
           'driver'  =&gt; 'mysql',
           'prefix'  =&gt; 'primary_'
        ],
        'secondary'=&gt; [
            'driver'  =&gt; 'mysql',
            'prefix'  =&gt; 'secondary_'
        ]       
    ],
    'drivers'   =&gt; [
        // ...
    ]
];
</code></pre>
<h2 id=控制台命令>控制台命令</h2>
<p>默认的 Web 和 GRPC 应用模板中包含了一系列控制台命令，用于查看数据库结构：</p>
<h3 id=查看可用的数据库连接和表>查看可用的数据库连接和表</h3>
<p>要查看可用的数据库连接、驱动和数据表，可以执行：</p>
<pre><code class=language-bash>$ php app.php db:list
</code></pre>
<p>输出如下：</p>
<pre><code class=language-bash>+------------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+----------------+
| Name (ID): | Database:  | Driver: | Prefix: | Status:   | Tables: | Count Records: |
+------------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+----------------+
| default    | runtime.db | SQLite  | ---     | connected | users   | 0              |
|            |            |         |         |           | posts   | 0              |
+------------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+----------------+
</code></pre>
<h3 id=查看表结构>查看表结构</h3>
<p>要查看一个具体的数据表的细节：</p>
<pre><code class=language-bash>$ php app.php db:table posts
</code></pre>
<p>输出如下：</p>
<pre><code class=language-bash>Columns of default.posts:
+---------+----------------+----------------+-----------+----------------+
| Column: | Database Type: | Abstract Type: | PHP Type: | Default Value: |
+---------+----------------+----------------+-----------+----------------+
| id      | int            | primary        | int       | ---            |
| title   | string (255)   | text           | string    | ---            |
| user_id | int            | integer        | int       | ---            |
+---------+----------------+----------------+-----------+----------------+

Indexes of default.posts:
+-----------------------------------+-------+----------+
| Name:                             | Type: | Columns: |
+-----------------------------------+-------+----------+
| posts_index_user_id_5e32b9642a0ff | INDEX | user_id  |
+-----------------------------------+-------+----------+

Foreign Keys of default.posts:
+------------------+---------+----------------+-----------------+------------+------------+
| Name:            | Column: | Foreign Table: | Foreign Column: | On Delete: | On Update: |
+------------------+---------+----------------+-----------------+------------+------------+
| posts_user_id_fk | user_id | users          | id              | CASCADE    | CASCADE    |
+------------------+---------+----------------+-----------------+------------+------------+
</code></pre>
<h2 id=独立使用>独立使用</h2>
<p>你也可以把 DBAL 组件作为一个单独的库来初始化。需要以数组形式提供配置：</p>
<pre><code class=language-php>use Spiral\Database;

$dbConfig = new Database\Config\DatabaseConfig([
    'default'     =&gt; 'default',
    'databases'   =&gt; [
        'default' =&gt; [
            'connection' =&gt; 'sqlite'
        ]
    ],
    'connections' =&gt; [
        'sqlite' =&gt; [
            'driver'  =&gt; Database\Driver\SQLite\SQLiteDriver::class,
            'options' =&gt; [
                'connection' =&gt; 'sqlite:database.db',
                'username'   =&gt; '',
                'password'   =&gt; '',
            ]
        ]
    ]
]);

$dbal = new Database\DatabaseManager($dbConfig);
</code></pre>
<p>如果不使用 DatabaseManager, 也可以手动创建数据库连接实例：</p>
<pre><code class=language-php>use Spiral\Database;

$driver = new Database\Driver\SQLite\SQLiteDriver(
   [
       'connection' =&gt; 'sqlite:db.db'
   ]
);
       
$db = new Database\Database(
   'name',
   '',
   $driver,
   $driver // 只读数据库驱动 (可选)
);

dump($db-&gt;getTables());
</code></pre>
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